Environmental Impacts of Palm Oil Cultivation: A Systematic Review of Carbon Emissions, Biodiversity Loss, and Land Use Change

Hamdani Hamdani; Tuty Ningsih

doi:10.55927/fjmr.v4i11.569

Authors

Hamdani Hamdani Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia
Tuty Ningsih Institut Teknologi Sawit Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v4i11.569

Keywords:

Palm Oil Cultivation, Environmental Impact, Carbon Emissions, Biodiversity Loss, Land Use Change

Abstract

The rapid expansion of palm oil cultivation has generated major environmental concerns, especially in tropical regions facing deforestation, habitat loss, and rising greenhouse gas emissions. This study conducts a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using the Scopus database to synthesize recent findings on the environmental effects of palm oil, focusing on carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and land use change. From 1,985 publications, a screening process (2022–2025, English, Open Access) identified 12 eligible studies. Thematic synthesis revealed three main issues: (1) high carbon emissions from peatland drainage; (2) biodiversity decline due to deforestation; and (3) land degradation from extensive conversion. Although sustainability certifications and zero-deforestation policies exist, implementation remains inconsistent. Further research integrating remote sensing and life cycle assessment (LCA) is recommended to strengthen regional sustainability frameworks.

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