Managing the ‘Triple Helix’ Model of Cooperation between Government, Industry, and Academia in Indonesian Defense Technology Innovation

Franceline Adella; Aris Sarjito; Agus Sudarya

doi:10.55927/fjmr.v4i9.484

Authors

Franceline Adella Republic Indonesia Defence University
Aris Sarjito Republic Indonesia Defence University
Agus Sudarya Republic Indonesia Defence University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v4i9.484

Keywords:

Defense Innovation, Indonesia, National Security, Technology Transfer, Triple Helix

Abstract

This study examines how the Triple Helix model of government, industry, and academia can be managed to accelerate defense technology innovation in Indonesia. Using a qualitative systematic literature review, the research analyzes policy frameworks, institutional alignment, and cultural dynamics affecting collaboration in the defense sector. The findings reveal persistent challenges, including fragmented governance, financial precarity that widens the “Valley of Death,” and weak intermediary structures to bridge academia-industry-government divides. The study contributes by proposing strategic measures such as establishing intermediary institutions, ensuring stable procurement-driven funding, and fostering mission-oriented research consortia. These recommendations aim to strengthen innovation ecosystems, reduce dependency on foreign technology, and advance Indonesia’s pursuit of defense self-reliance.

References

Adams, J. D., Chiang, E. P., & Starkey, K. (2001). Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1–2), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007836328722/METRICS

Afzal, M. N. I., Sulong, R. S., Dutta, S., & Mansur, K. (2018). An Investigation on Triple Helix Model and National Innovation Systems: The Case of Malaysia. Asian Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 03(03), 299–313. https://journal.uii.ac.id/ajie/article/view/10305

Ariputro, A. B., Syahtaria, M. I., Trismadi, T., Suwarno, P., Widodo, P., & Purwanto, D. A. (2024). Collaboration and Technology Transfer in the Defense Industry as Drivers of Innovation and Global Security Enhancement. Physical Sciences, Life Science and Engineering, 1(3), 12–12. https://doi.org/10.47134/PSLSE.V1I3.247

Bellais, R., & Guichard, R. (2006). Defense innovation, technology transfers, and public policy. Defence and Peace Economics, 17(3), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690600645274;SUBPAGE:STRING:ACCESS

Bhattacharya, S., Kumar, V., & Nishad, S. N. (2022). Technology Readiness Level: An Assessment of the Usefulness of this Scale for Translational Research. Productivity, 62(2), 106–118. https://doi.org/10.32381/PROD.2021.62.02.2

Dading Gunadi, A., Arkeman, Y., Nazli, R. S. S., Rahardjo, T., & Wachjudiningsih, A. (2018). Designing Simulation of Indonesia National Innovation Capability Model Using the Dynamic System. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 20(7), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-2007074048

Dudin, M. N., Frolova, Е. Е. evna, Gryzunova, N. V., & Shuvalova, E. B. (2014). The Triple Helix Model as a Mechanism for Partnership between the State, Business, and the Scientific-Educational Community in the Area of Organizing National Innovation Development. Asian Social Science, 11(1), p230. https://doi.org/10.5539/ASS.V11N1P230

Ellwood, P., Williams, C., & Egan, J. (2022). Crossing the valley of death: Five underlying innovation processes. Technovation, 109, 102162. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHNOVATION.2020.102162

Feinson, S. (2003). National Innovation Systems Overview and Country Cases.

Gbadegeshin, S. A., Natsheh, A. Al, Ghafel, K., Mohammed, O., Koskela, A., Rimpiläinen, A., Tikkanen, J., & Kuoppala, A. (2022). Overcoming the Valley of Death: A New Model for High Technology Startups. Sustainable Futures, 4, 100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SFTR.2022.100077

Handayani Pedah, F., Royke Deksino, G., Nengah Putra, I. A., Yanto, S., & Luntungan, A. H. O. (2025). The Important Role of the Defense Industry in Supporting National Defense. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), 1401-1416–1401 – 1416. https://doi.org/10.55927/EAJMR.V4I3.89

Haryadi, A., Sulistyadi, E., & Asmoro, N. (2025). Driving Innovation in the Defense Sector: Unlocking the Power of Industry, Academia, and Government Collaboration. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(2), 991–1002. https://doi.org/10.55927/FJMR.V4I2.48

Hendrix, T., Nasution, S. Y., Ariyani, L., Maulana, S., Wicaksono, A., & Ferianto, F. (2024). Conceptualizing a Seamless Model of Technology Transfer: Evidence from Public Research Institutes and Universities in Indonesia. Foresight and STI Governance, 18(1), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2024.1.46.57

Irawan, B., Anggraini, E., & Purwono, J. (2025). Analisis Faktor Keberhasilan Kolaborasi Triple Helix: Perspektif Industri. Owner: Riset Dan Jurnal Akuntansi, 9(3), 1596–1608. https://doi.org/10.33395/OWNER.V9I3.2736

Irfan, M., Nidar, S. R., Azis, Y., & Widianto, S. (2023). Self-reliant in defense industries: Case study Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2262715

Jupriyanto, J., Roslinawati, A. M., Sulistyadi, E., & Djunaidi, M. (2024). Critical Challenges and Opportunity Factors in Stakeholder Collaboration for Indonesian Defense Technology Innovation. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.23917/JITI.V23I1.4383

Karasev, O., Beloshitsky, A. V., Trostyansky, S. S., & Krivtsova, A. O. (2018). National Innovation Systems: A Case Study of the Leading Developing Countries. European Research Studies Journal, XXI(2), 713–723. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1297

Kennedy, P. S. J. (2023). Indonesian Defense Industry and Minimum Essential Force. International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies IRJEMS, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.56472/25835238/IRJEMS-V2I2P116

Lakitan, B. (2013). Connecting all the dots: Identifying the “actor level” challenges in establishing effective innovation system in Indonesia. Technology in Society, 35(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHSOC.2013.03.002

Lakitan, B. (2014). National Innovation System in Indonesia: Present Status and Challenges.

Marzah, R., & Setiawan, B. (2015). Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Analysis of government policies to support sustainable domestic defense industries [Naval Postgraduate School]. https://hdl.handle.net/10945/45896

Matthews, R., Maharani, C., Jupriyanto, & Wu, S. S. (2025). Indonesia’s defense acquisition strategy. Asian Security, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2025.2527088

Nugroho, S. S. (2022). Utilization of the Defense Industry in Supporting the Duties of the Navy to Enforce the Law and Maintain Security in Indonesian Waters. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 3(6), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.7777/JIEMAR.V3I6.340

Ranga, M., & Etzkowitz, H. (2013). Triple Helix Systems: An Analytical Framework for Innovation Policy and Practice in the Knowledge Society. Industry and Higher Education, 27(4), 237–262.

Savitri, C. M. (2016). Contribution of Offset to Defence Industrialisation in Indonesia [Cranfield University]. https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/server/api/core/bitstreams/14d3d8a2-00b6-4060-a747-ffb4f7e57674/content

Siegel, D. S., Waldman, D. A., Atwater, L. E., & Link, A. N. (2003). Commercial knowledge transfers from universities to firms: improving the effectiveness of university–industry collaboration. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 14(1), 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(03)00007-5

Suadnyana, I. N., & Aritonang, S. (2025). Defense industry policy strategy in developing the national defense system to strengthen national security | Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi Sosial. Jurnal Praksis Dan Dedikasi Sosial, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.17977/um022v8i12025p231-236

Sugiono, A., Akim, & Ramadhan, R. A. (2018). The Implementation of the Triple Helix Model in the Indonesian Aerospace Defense Industry. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 12(4), 196–213. https://cejiss.org/the-implementation-of-the-triple-helix-model-in-the-indonesian-aerospace-defense-industry

Sumantha, E. A., Hardjono, R. K., & Nugroho, B. Y. (2024). Alliance Strategy Model Design on Defend ID in Creating Competitive Advantage in Indonesian Defence Industry. Journal of Human Security, 20(2), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.12924/johs2024.20203

Sutopo, W., Khofiyah, N. A., Hisjam, M., & Ma’aram, A. (2022). Performance Efficiency Measurement Model Development of a Technology Transfer Office (TTO) to Accelerate Technology Commercialization in Universities. Applied System Innovation 2022, Vol. 5, Page 21, 5(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ASI5010021

Taufik, T. A. (2007, April). Indonesia’s Sub-national Innovation System Policy and Programmes. National Workshop on Subnational Innovation Systems and Technology Capacity Building Policies to Enhance Competitiveness of SME.

TERRAFORMING THE VALLEY OF DEATH Making the Defense Market Navigable for Startups. (2023).

Townes, M. (2023). The Role of Technology Maturity Level in the Occurrence of University Technology Transfer. https://doi.org/10.20944/PREPRINTS202301.0504.V1

Yudhoyono, A. H., Sukoco, B. M., Maharani, I. A. K., Putra, I. K., & Suhariadi, F. (2025). Bridging the gap: Indonesia’s research trajectory and national development through a scientometric analysis using SciVal. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11(1), 100505. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOITMC.2025.100505

Zhengqi, P. (2016). State-Led Innovation Partnerships: Asian Developmental States within the Triple Helix Paradigm. European Journal of East Asian Studies, 15(1), 108–143. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01501005